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Atomic number 69 occurs as chemical element that has the symbol Tm & atomic number 69 in the periodic table. The lanthanide element, thulium is the least abundant of the rare earths and its metal is easy to work, has the brilliantly silvery-silver-grey luster & may be cut by the knife. It as well has occasionally corrosion resistance in dry air & full ductility. Naturally occurring atomic number 69 is processed completely of the stable isotope Tm-169.
Applications
Tm has been utilized to produce lasers but high production costs have prevented more commercial utilizes from either existence developed. More applications, real & likely, include:
When stable atomic number 69 (Tm-169) is bombarded inside the nuclear reactor it can late help as a radiation source in personal X-ray devices.
The unstable Tm-171 can even become utilized as an energy source.
Tm-169 has expected apply inside ceramic charismatic materials known as ferrites, which are utilized inside microwave equipment.
History
Atomic number 69 was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other uncommon globe elements (this was a equivalent method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover another uncommon earths elements). Cleve began by removing 100% of the known contamination of erbia (Er2O3) & upon extra processing, found 2 newly substances; a single dark brown and of these green. A light brown substance turned intent on become a oxide of the element holmium and was named holmia by Cleve and a green substance was a oxide of an unknown element. Cleve known as a oxide thulia and its element thulium when Thule, an ancient Roman name for the mythologic united states in the far n, peradventure Scandinavia.
Occurrence
A element is never obtained withinside nature and severity around pure form, however these are noticed around microscopic quantities in minerals with more uncommon earths. These are mainly extracted from either monazite (~0.007% thulium) ores encountered around flow of any stream sands across ion-exchange. Recently ion-exchange & solvent extraction techniques use at times led to gentler separation of the uncommon earths, which has yielded great deal moo costs for tm production. A metal may be isolated across reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction in the closed container. None of tm's compounds is commercially important.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring atomic number 69 is composed of One stable isotope, Tm-169 (100% natural abundance). 31 radioisotopes have been characterized, by having the virtually all stalls existence Tm-171 with a half-life of 1.92 years, Tm-170 by having the half-life of 128.Sextuplet years, Tm-168 sustaining the half-life of 93.Single years, & Tm-167 using the half-life of Nina from carolina.Xxv years. Everthing of the left radioactive isotopes keep close at hand half-lifes that come less than 64 hours, & a majority one have half lifes that come less than Deuce proceedings. This element too has Xiv meta states, with a virtually all horse barn existence Tm-164m (t½ Cinque.Unity transactions), Tm-160m (t½ 74.Fin seconds) & Tm-155m (t½ 45 seconds).
A isotopes of atomic number 69 home in atomic weight from 145.966 u (Tm-146) to 176.949 u (Tm-177). A primary decay mode before the virtually all abundant stable isotope, Tm-169, is electron capture, and a primary mode when is beta emission. A primary decay products before Tm-169 come element 68 (erbium) isotopes, and a primary products fallowing come element Lxx (ytterbium) isotopes.
Precautions
Tm has the great-to-moderate intense toxic rating and should become handled using care. Metal atomic number 69 around dust form presents the fire & explosion hazard.
View likewise Ytterby.
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